A comprehensive review of targeted therapies for triple-negative breast cancer: From molecular subtypes to precision medicine

Micheal Abimbola Oladosu; Moses Adondua Abah; Nathan Rimamsanati Yohanna; Nkechi Asogwa; Sunday Ameh; Kelechi Asogwa; Taiwo Awojulu; Joseph Oteng; Jesufikunayomi Omobola Adejumo; Oladapo Abiola Balogun; Manasseh Opoku Akuoko

doi:10.5455/JCRR.2026.v3.i1.1

2026, Vol: 3, Issue: 1

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Review Article

J Cancer Res Rev. 2026; 3(1): 1-19

doi: 10.5455/JCRR.2026.v3.i1.1

A comprehensive review of targeted therapies for triple-negative breast cancer: From molecular subtypes to precision medicine

Micheal Abimbola Oladosu, Moses Adondua Abah, Nathan Rimamsanati Yohanna, Nkechi Asogwa, Sunday Ameh, Kelechi Asogwa, Taiwo Awojulu, Joseph Oteng, Jesufikunayomi Omobola Adejumo, Oladapo Abiola Balogun, Manasseh Opoku Akuoko.

Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents one of the most aggressive and therapeutically challenging breast cancer subtypes, characterised by the absence of estrogen receptors (ER), progesterone receptors (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) amplification. Comprising approximately 15-20% of all breast cancer diagnoses, TNBC disproportionately affects younger women, particularly those with BRCA1 mutations, and exhibits rapid progression, high recurrence rates, and historically limited therapeutic options. Recent advances in molecular profiling have revealed significant heterogeneity within TNBC, leading to the identification of distinct molecular subtypes, including basal-like (BL1 and BL2), mesenchymal (M), mesenchymal stem-like (MSL), immunomodulatory (IM), and luminal androgen receptor (LAR) subtypes, each presenting unique therapeutic vulnerabilities. This comprehensive review synthesises current knowledge on targeted therapeutic strategies for TNBC, examining established approaches such as PARP inhibitors for BRCA-mutated tumours and immune checkpoint inhibitors for PD-L1-positive cases, while extensively covering emerging targets including EGFR inhibitors, JAK/STAT pathway modulators, developmental signalling pathways (Notch, Wnt, Hedgehog), epigenetic regulators (HDAC and DNMT inhibitors), and tumour-associated antigens (GPNMB, LIV-1). Unlike previous reviews, this work provides an integrated perspective on precision medicine approaches, emphasising biomarker-driven patient selection strategies and clinical translation of molecular discoveries. We analyse recent clinical trial outcomes, regulatory approvals, and emerging therapeutic combinations while addressing current challenges, including tumour heterogeneity, drug resistance mechanisms, and healthcare accessibility. The review concludes with a strategic roadmap for next-generation TNBC drug development, highlighting the transition from conventional chemotherapy to personalised, molecularly-guided therapeutic approaches that promise to improve outcomes for patients with this challenging disease.

Key words: Triple-negative breast cancer; Targeted therapy; PARP inhibitors; Immune checkpoint blockade; Biomarkers; Precision medicine; Molecular subtypes; Clinical trials.

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How to Cite this Article

Pubmed Style

Oladosu MA, Abah MA, Yohanna NR, Asogwa N, Ameh S, Asogwa K, Awojulu T, Oteng J, Adejumo JO, Balogun OA, Akuoko MO. A comprehensive review of targeted therapies for triple-negative breast cancer: From molecular subtypes to precision medicine. J Cancer Res Rev. 2026; 3(1): 1-19. doi:10.5455/JCRR.2026.v3.i1.1

Web Style

Oladosu MA, Abah MA, Yohanna NR, Asogwa N, Ameh S, Asogwa K, Awojulu T, Oteng J, Adejumo JO, Balogun OA, Akuoko MO. A comprehensive review of targeted therapies for triple-negative breast cancer: From molecular subtypes to precision medicine. https://www.jcrronline.org//?mno=259787 [Access: June 26, 2026]. doi:10.5455/JCRR.2026.v3.i1.1

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Oladosu MA, Abah MA, Yohanna NR, Asogwa N, Ameh S, Asogwa K, Awojulu T, Oteng J, Adejumo JO, Balogun OA, Akuoko MO. A comprehensive review of targeted therapies for triple-negative breast cancer: From molecular subtypes to precision medicine. J Cancer Res Rev. 2026; 3(1): 1-19. doi:10.5455/JCRR.2026.v3.i1.1

Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Oladosu MA, Abah MA, Yohanna NR, Asogwa N, Ameh S, Asogwa K, Awojulu T, Oteng J, Adejumo JO, Balogun OA, Akuoko MO. A comprehensive review of targeted therapies for triple-negative breast cancer: From molecular subtypes to precision medicine. J Cancer Res Rev. (2026), [cited June 26, 2026]; 3(1): 1-19. doi:10.5455/JCRR.2026.v3.i1.1

Harvard Style

Oladosu, M. A., Abah, . M. A., Yohanna, . N. R., Asogwa, . N., Ameh, . S., Asogwa, . K., Awojulu, . T., Oteng, . J., Adejumo, . J. O., Balogun, . O. A. & Akuoko, . M. O. (2026) A comprehensive review of targeted therapies for triple-negative breast cancer: From molecular subtypes to precision medicine. J Cancer Res Rev, 3 (1), 1-19. doi:10.5455/JCRR.2026.v3.i1.1

Turabian Style

Oladosu, Micheal Abimbola, Moses Adondua Abah, Nathan Rimamsanati Yohanna, Nkechi Asogwa, Sunday Ameh, Kelechi Asogwa, Taiwo Awojulu, Joseph Oteng, Jesufikunayomi Omobola Adejumo, Oladapo Abiola Balogun, and Manasseh Opoku Akuoko. 2026. A comprehensive review of targeted therapies for triple-negative breast cancer: From molecular subtypes to precision medicine. Journal of Cancer Research and Reviews, 3 (1), 1-19. doi:10.5455/JCRR.2026.v3.i1.1

Chicago Style

Oladosu, Micheal Abimbola, Moses Adondua Abah, Nathan Rimamsanati Yohanna, Nkechi Asogwa, Sunday Ameh, Kelechi Asogwa, Taiwo Awojulu, Joseph Oteng, Jesufikunayomi Omobola Adejumo, Oladapo Abiola Balogun, and Manasseh Opoku Akuoko. "A comprehensive review of targeted therapies for triple-negative breast cancer: From molecular subtypes to precision medicine." Journal of Cancer Research and Reviews 3 (2026), 1-19. doi:10.5455/JCRR.2026.v3.i1.1

MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Oladosu, Micheal Abimbola, Moses Adondua Abah, Nathan Rimamsanati Yohanna, Nkechi Asogwa, Sunday Ameh, Kelechi Asogwa, Taiwo Awojulu, Joseph Oteng, Jesufikunayomi Omobola Adejumo, Oladapo Abiola Balogun, and Manasseh Opoku Akuoko. "A comprehensive review of targeted therapies for triple-negative breast cancer: From molecular subtypes to precision medicine." Journal of Cancer Research and Reviews 3.1 (2026), 1-19. Print. doi:10.5455/JCRR.2026.v3.i1.1

APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Oladosu, M. A., Abah, . M. A., Yohanna, . N. R., Asogwa, . N., Ameh, . S., Asogwa, . K., Awojulu, . T., Oteng, . J., Adejumo, . J. O., Balogun, . O. A. & Akuoko, . M. O. (2026) A comprehensive review of targeted therapies for triple-negative breast cancer: From molecular subtypes to precision medicine. Journal of Cancer Research and Reviews, 3 (1), 1-19. doi:10.5455/JCRR.2026.v3.i1.1

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